Heat treatment and surface finishing terms: annealing, pickling, passivation, levelling
Solution annealing re-dissolves carbides, annealing softens, pickling removes scale, passivation restores the passive film and tension levelling improves flatness. Distinguish these processes to read delivery condition.
Delivery condition and surface quality of stainless steel depend on several processes. Common terms:
• Solution annealing: heating to high temperature to re-dissolve carbides and precipitates, then rapid cooling to restore corrosion resistance and ductility; common for austenitic grades.
• Annealing: heating and holding then slow cooling to soften and relieve stress; a different purpose from solution annealing.
• Pickling: acid treatment to remove scale and chromium-depleted layers and restore surface corrosion resistance; common after hot rolling or annealing.
• Passivation: oxidising media (nitric or citric acid) form a dense passive film and remove free iron; not a substitute for pickling scale.
• Tension levelling: stretching and bending to improve flatness (waviness, crossbow), usually combined with skin passing.
• Skin pass: light rolling to improve surface and flatness and control the yield-point phenomenon.
• Polishing/brushing/grinding: surface processing for No.4, BA or mirror appearance.
Reading delivery condition:
1) Clarify whether it is solution annealed + pickled + skin passed, or cold-worked temper.
2) Welded parts with high corrosion requirements need post-weld pickling and passivation.
3) For tight flatness in cut-to-length, confirm tension levelling/skin passing.
4) Surface code maps to process (2B includes pickling and skin pass; BA is bright annealing).
Writing process names clearly avoids property and appearance disputes from "same grade, different condition".