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热处理 · 固溶 · 退火 · 酸洗 · 钝化 · 拉矫 · 术语

热处理与表面处理术语:固溶、退火、酸洗、钝化、拉矫

固溶让碳化物重新溶解、退火软化、酸洗除氧化皮、钝化恢复钝化膜、拉矫改善板形;分清工序才能看懂交货状态。
不锈钢交货状态与表面质量由多道工序决定,常见术语:
• 固溶处理(solution annealing):加热到高温使碳化物与析出相重新溶解后快冷,恢复耐蚀与塑性;奥氏体钢常用。 • 退火(annealing):加热保温后缓慢冷却以软化、消除应力;与固溶目的不同,别混用。 • 酸洗(pickling):用酸液去除氧化皮与贫铬层,恢复表面耐蚀;常在热轧/退火后。 • 钝化(passivation):用氧化性介质(硝酸/柠檬酸)使表面形成致密钝化膜,去除游离铁;不能替代酸洗去氧化皮。 • 拉矫(tension levelling):通过拉伸与弯曲改善板形(浪形、瓢曲),常与平整配合。 • 平整(skin pass):小压下量轧制,改善表面与板形、控制屈服平台。 • 抛光/拉丝/磨砂:表面加工,得到 No.4、BA、镜面等外观。
读交货状态时的建议:
1) 明确是"固溶+酸洗+平整"还是"冷作硬化态"; 2) 耐蚀要求高的焊接件,焊后要补酸洗钝化; 3) 板形要求高的开平料,确认拉矫/平整工艺; 4) 表面代号与工序对应(2B 含酸洗平整,BA 为光亮退火)。
工序名称写清楚,能避免"同牌号不同状态"导致的性能与外观争议。
Compiled by SteelWe editors and industry experts. For industry exchange only; not trading or investment advice. Cite the source when quoting.
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